Direct And Indirect Speech

 

Direct And Indirect Speech

What is Direct & Indirect Speech?

Direct speech – Reporting the message of the speaker in the exact words as spoken by him.

Direct speech example: Mahesh said ‘I am busy now’.

Indirect speech: reporting the message of the speaker in our own words 

Indirect speech example: Mahesh said that she was busy then.

What is reporting clause and reported clause?

1.  Reporting Clause:

·         The reporting clause is the part of the sentence that attributes the spoken words to the speaker. It typically includes a reporting verb (e.g., "said," "asked," "shouted," etc.).

Example: "She said, 'I am going to the store.'"

In this, "She said" is the reporting clause, indicating who is speaking.

2.  Reported clause

·         The reported clause is the portion of the sentence that reports or conveys the words spoken by the original speaker

Example:

a)  "She said that she was going to the store."

In this "that she was going to the store" is the reported clause, as it indirectly conveys the words spoken by the original speaker.

                        b)  She said, "I am happy."

                        In this "I am happy." is the reported clause

Rules for converting Direct into Indirect speech

To change a sentence of direct speech into indirect speech there are various factors that are considered, such as reporting verbs, modals, time, place, pronouns, tenses, etc.

 We will discuss each of these factors one by one.

1. Change in Tense of Reported clause

Rule 1 – When the reporting verb of direct speech is in past tense then all the present tenses are changed to the corresponding past tense in indirect speech. 

Direct: She said, ‘I am happy’.

Indirect: She said (that) she was happy.

Rule 2 -If the reporting verb is in the future tense or present tense, Then tenses of direct speech do not change 

Direct: She says, ‘I am going’

Indirect: She says that she is going.

Rule 3 - In indirect speech, tenses do not change if the words used within the quotes (‘’ ”) talk of a habitual action or universal truth.

Direct: He said, ‘We cannot live without air’.

Indirect: He said that we cannot live without air. 

Rule 4. Tenses are changed as

• Simple Present Changes to Simple Past
• Present Continuous Changes to Past Continuous
• Present Perfect Changes to Past Perfect.

• Simple Past Changes to Past Perfect

• Past Continuous Changes to Past Perfect Continuous

• Shall/will to would

• Can becomes could
• May becomes might
• Must becomes had to /would have to 

·         There are modals that do not change – Could, Would, Should, Might, Ought to

 

2. Change of Time or place

In direct speeches, the words that express nearness in time or place are changed to words that express distance in indirect speech. Such as:

• Now becomes then                  
• Here becomes there
• Ago becomes before                
• Thus becomes so
• Today becomes that day         
• Tomorrow becomes the next day
• This becomes that                 
• Yesterday becomes the day before
• These become those              
• Come becomes go                     
• Hence becomes thence
• Next week or month becomes following week/month

3. Change in Pronoun

·         The first person changes as per the subject of the reporting speech.

·         The second person  changes as per the object of reporting speech.

·         The third person of direct speech doesn’t change.

 

4. Change in Punctuation mark
When changing from direct to indirect speech, there are specific punctuation rules to follow:

1. Quotation Marks:
• In direct speech, the speaker's exact words are enclosed in quotation marks.
• In indirect speech, quotation marks are not used because the reported speech is no longer the exact words of the speaker.
2. Commas and Periods:
• In direct speech, commas and periods are placed inside the closing quotation mark.
• In indirect speech, commas and periods are placed outside the reported speech, after the reporting verb or before the conjunction "that."
3. Question Marks and Exclamation Points:
• In direct speech, question marks and exclamation points are placed inside the closing quotation mark if they are part of the quoted speech.
• In indirect speech, question marks and exclamation points are not used.

Direct: He said, “I am going to the store.”

Indirect: He said that he was going to the store.

Direct:  She asked if I was coming with them.

Indirect:  "She asked, 'Are you coming with us?'"

Converting from direct to indirect speech - interrogative Sentence

·         Change the order of the words to form a statement.

·         Change ‘said to’ to asked.

·         Remove comma and inverted comma

·         If the reported question begins with an auxiliary verb (e.g., is, can, will), use the same auxiliary verb in the reported clause.

·         If the reported question contains question words (who, what, when, where, why, how), retain the question word in the reported clause.

·         If the reported question does not contain a question word, use "if" or "whether" in the reported clause.

Direct Speech: "She asked, 'Are you coming with us?'"

Indirect Speech:

·         She asked if I was coming with them.

• She asked whether I was coming with them.

 

Direct Speech to Indirect Speech Conversion – Request, Command, Wish, Exclamation

• Indirect Speech is supported by some verbs like requested, ordered, suggested and advised. Forbid-forbade is used for negative sentences.
• Therefore, the imperative mood in the direct speech changes into the Infinitive in indirect speech.

Direct: She said to her ‘Please complete it’.

Indirect: She requested her to complete it.

Direct: Hamid said to Ramid, ‘Sit down’.

Indirect: Hamid ordered Ramid to sit down.

Direct Speech to Indirect Speech Conversion – Exclamatory sentence

 In Exclamatory sentences that express grief, sorrows, happiness, applaud, Interjections are removed and the sentence is changed to an assertive sentence.

Direct: She said, ‘Alas! I am undone’.

Indirect: She exclaimed sadly that she was broke.

Check more Examples:

Direct: He said, ‘His girlfriend came yesterday.’

Indirect: He said that his girlfriend had come the day before.

Direct: He says/will say, ‘My girlfriend came yesterday.’

Indirect:  He says/will say that his girlfriend had come the day before.

Direct: “Where do you live?” asked the boy.

Indirect: The boy enquired where I lived.

Direct: She said, ‘Will you come for the party’?

Indirect: She asked whether we would come for the party.

Direct: He said to me, ‘What are you wearing’?

Indirect: He asked me what I was wearing.

Direct: She said to her, “Are you coming to the prom night?”

Indirect: The girl said that she was happy with her result.

Direct: The girl said. “I am happy with my result.”

Direct : She said, ‘She can dance’.

Indirect: She said that she could dance. 

Direct: She said, ‘I may buy a dress’.

Indirect: She said that she might buy a dress.

Direct: Rama said, ‘I must complete the assignment’.

Indirect: Rama said that he had to complete the assignment.

Direct: She said, ‘I should clean the house’

Indirect: She said that she should clean the house.

PREPOSITIONS -A LESSON

 

PREPOSITIONS

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. What is a Preposition?
• Definition
• Examples
3. Types of Prepositions
• Prepositions of Place
• Prepositions of Time
• Prepositions of Direction or Movement
• Prepositions of Agent or Instrument
• Prepositions of Manner or Method
• Prepositions of Cause or Reason
4. Some Confusing Prepositions
• In / On
• At / In
• To / For
• Between / Among
• Beside / Besides
• Above / Over
• During / While
• Among / Between
• Into / In
• Into / Onto
• Since / For
• During / Throughout
• Amid / Among

 What is the definition of preposition?

A preposition is a word that typically comes before a noun or pronoun and expresses a relationship to another word or element in a sentence. Prepositions are used to show various relationships, such as time, place, direction, manner, or possession. Examples of prepositions include "in," "on," "at," "by," "with," "to," "from," "between," "among," and "through."

Examples

1. I will meet you at the park at 3 o'clock.
2. The cat is sleeping on the bed.
3. She walked through the forest to reach the waterfall.
4. We went to the movies with our friends.
5. The keys are under the mat by the door.
6. The plane flew over the mountains during the storm.
7. He put the book on the shelf beside the lamp.
8. They sat around the campfire after dinner.
9. She went into the store after class.
10. The dog ran along the beach towards the sunset.

 What are the types of preposition?

1. Prepositions of Place:
• Definition: Prepositions that indicate the location or position of an object or person.
• Examples:
• The cat is sitting on the windowsill.
• The book is under the table.
• The school is located between the library and the park.
2. Prepositions of Time:
• Definition: Prepositions that show when an action occurs or the time during which something happens.
• Examples:
• The concert will start at 8 PM.
• They went for a walk before dinner.
• She has been working on the project since morning.
3. Prepositions of Direction or Movement:
• Definition: Prepositions that indicate the direction or movement of an action.
• Examples:
• The kids ran towards the playground.
• The river flows through the valley.
• He walked across the bridge.
4. Prepositions of Agent or Instrument:
• Definition: Prepositions that express the means or agent by which an action is performed.
• Examples:
• She painted the picture with a brush.
• The letter was written by the teacher.
• He fixed the computer using a screwdriver.
5. Prepositions of Manner or Method:
• Definition: Prepositions that describe how an action is performed or the manner in which something is done.
• Examples:
• She completed the task with great efficiency.
• They celebrated the victory in a grand manner.
• He sings like a professional.
6. Prepositions of Cause or Reason:
• Definition: Prepositions that indicate the cause or reason for an action.
• Examples:
• The match was postponed due to rain.
• He was absent because of a family emergency.
• She succeeded owing to her dedication.

 Some confusing prepositions:

Understanding and correctly using prepositions in English can be challenging due to their subtle differences in meaning and usage. Prepositions are small words that play a crucial role in expressing relationships between various elements within sentences, such as nouns, pronouns, and phrases. However, some prepositions are commonly confused because they may seem similar or have overlapping meanings.

1.  In / On:

• In typically indicates being inside something or enclosed within limits:
• She is in the house.
• He lives in New York City.
• On generally suggests being in contact with a surface or a position above or attached to:
• The book is on the table.
• The picture is hanging on the wall.
1. At / In:
• At is used for specific points or locations:
• They met at the cafe.
• The train arrives at 7 PM.
• In is used for larger areas or periods of time:
• She is studying in the library.
• He was born in May.
2. To / For:
• To indicates movement towards a place or person:
• She went to the store.
• He gave the book to his friend.
• For indicates purpose or benefit:
• She bought flowers for her mother.
• This gift is for you.
3. Between / Among:
• Between is used for relationships involving two items or people:
• The cat is between the two chairs.
• She had to choose between two options.
• Among is used for relationships involving three or more items or people:
• The prize was divided among the winners.
• He was walking among the crowd.
4. Beside /Besides:
• Beside means next to or at the side of:
• She sat beside her friend.
• The book is beside the bed.
• Besides means in addition to or apart from:
• Besides English, she speaks French.
• What else do you want besides ice cream?
5. Above / Over:
• Above typically refers to a higher position or level:
• The sun is above the clouds.
• The painting is hanging above the fireplace.
• Over suggests movement or covering a surface:
• He threw the ball over the fence.
• The plane flew over the city.
6. During / While:
• During is used to indicate a period of time in which an action takes place:
• It rained heavily during the night.
• She fell asleep during the movie.
• While is used to indicate two actions happening at the same time:
• He read a book while waiting for the train.
• She cooked dinner while listening to music.

 

8. Among / Between:
• Among: Used when referring to more than two items or people in a group.
• She shared the candies among her friends.
• The secret was whispered among the group of friends.
• Between: Used when referring to two distinct items or people.
• The book is between the two shelves.
• They had to choose between two options.
9. Into / In:
• Into: Indicates movement towards the inside or within a specific area.
• She walked into the room.
• The bird flew into the cage.
• In: Indicates location or position within an enclosed space.
• The keys are in the drawer.
• He found a coin in the pocket.
10. Into /Onto:
• Into: Indicates movement towards the inside or within a specific area.
• She jumped into the pool.
• He walked into the building.
• Onto: Indicates movement onto a surface or position.
• She placed the books onto the shelf.
• The cat jumped onto the table.
11. Since / For:
• Since: Indicates a specific point in time from the past until now.
• He has been working here since 2010.
• She has been studying English since she was a child.
• For: Indicates a period of time.
• He has been living here for ten years.
• She waited for two hours.
12. During / Throughout:
• During: Refers to a specific time within a period or event.
• He fell asleep during the movie.
• She laughed during the speech.
• Throughout: Indicates something happening continuously or all the way through a period.
• It rained heavily throughout the night.
• She felt happy throughout the day.
13. Amid /Among:
• Amid: Indicates being surrounded by or in the middle of something.
• They found peace amid the chaos.
• The children played happily amid the flowers.
• Among: Refers to being a part of a group or sharing with others.
• She felt comfortable among her friends.
• He shared the snacks among the guests.

FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)

---

Q: What is a preposition?

A: A preposition is a word that typically comes before a noun or pronoun and expresses a relationship to another word or element in a sentence.

Q: Can you provide examples of prepositions?

A: Certainly! Examples include "in," "on," "at," "by," "with," "to," "from," "between," "among," and "through."

Q: What are the different types of prepositions?

 A: Prepositions can be categorized into various types based on their functions, including prepositions of place, time, direction or movement, agent or instrument, manner or method, and cause or reason.

Q: Why are prepositions often confused?

A: Prepositions can be confusing due to their subtle differences in meaning and usage. Some prepositions may seem similar or have overlapping meanings, leading to confusion in their usage.

Q: How can I improve my understanding of prepositions?

A: Practicing with examples, familiarizing yourself with different types of prepositions, and paying attention to their usage in context can help improve your understanding and usage of prepositions in English.

Phrases and its types - Exercise 3

 Before doing this exercise you would like to read Phrases and its type

Q)  Underline the phrases in the following sentences and identify their types?

1. The book on the shelf is a classic of English literature.
2. The tall, dark-haired man walked briskly down the street.
3. In the quiet library, she found solace among the dusty shelves.
4. The old wooden table in the corner of the room creaked loudly.
5. She spoke softly, with a hint of sadness in her voice.
6. The small, cozy cafe on the corner serves delicious pastries.
7. The brightly colored flowers in the garden swayed gently in the breeze.
8. With great determination, he climbed the steep mountain trail.
9. The ancient ruins in the desert are a testament to a bygone era.
10. The beautifully decorated Christmas tree stood proudly in the living room.
11. The young boy with curly hair eagerly awaited his birthday party.
12. The meticulously prepared meal on the table looked absolutely delicious.
13. The brightly lit city streets bustled with activity late into the night.
14. In the dimly lit room, the shadows danced mysteriously on the walls.
15. The large, ornate clock in the hallway chimed loudly every hour.

Answers

 

1. On the shelf → Prepositional phrase (Adverb phrase).
2. Tall, dark-haired → Adjective phrase.
3. In the quiet library → Prepositional phrase (Adjective phrase).
4. In the corner of the room → Prepositional phrase (Adverb phrase).
5. Softly → Adverb phrase.
6. On the corner → Prepositional phrase (Adjective phrase).
7. In the garden → Prepositional phrase (Adjective phrase).
8. With great determination → Prepositional phrase (Adverb phrase).
9. In the desert → Prepositional phrase (Adjective phrase).
10. Beautifully decorated → Adjective phrase.
11. With curly hair → Prepositional phrase (Adjective phrase).
12. On the table → Prepositional phrase (Adjective phrase).
13. Brightly lit → Adjective phrase.
14. In the dimly lit room → Prepositional phrase (Adverb phrase).
15. In the hallway → Prepositional phrase (Adjective phrase).

Class 10 Economics Chapter 5- Consumer Rights Notes

 

Class 10 Economics

Chapter 5- Consumer Rights

Notes

 

Discover the intricacies of consumer rights amidst market complexities, from regulatory safeguards to the evolving consumer movement, highlighting challenges, responsibilities, and the pivotal role of the Consumer Protection Act and National Consumers' Day.

 

A. The Consumer in the Marketplace:

1. Regulatory Safeguards:
• Regulations are essential to safeguard consumer interests within the marketplace, preventing instances of exploitation.
2. Market Exploitation:
• Instances of exploitation are common within markets, particularly when a few powerful producers dominate while consumers have limited purchasing power and are dispersed.
3. Influence of Large Companies:
• Large corporations with substantial wealth and market reach often manipulate markets through misinformation spread via media and other channels, affecting consumer decision-making.

B. Consumer Movement:

1. Origin of Consumer Movement:
• In India, the consumer movement emerged as a social force in response to the need for protecting consumers against unfair trade practices, especially during the rampant food shortages and adulteration prevalent in the 1960s.
2. Evolution of Consumer Groups:
• Initially focused on writing articles and organizing exhibitions, consumer organizations later expanded their scope to address malpractices in ration shops and public transportation overcrowding.
3. Growing Awareness:
• Recent years have witnessed a surge in the number of consumer groups in India, reflecting increased awareness and activism regarding consumer rights.

C. Rights of Consumers:

1. Legal Entitlements:
• Consumers are entitled to certain rights enshrined in law, including the right to safety, information, choice, redressal, and representation in consumer courts.
2. Importance of Consumer Courts:
• Consumer forums and protection councils play a crucial role in guiding consumers on filing complaints and representing their interests in consumer courts, supported by government funding for awareness campaigns.

D. Factors Contributing to Consumer Exploitation:

1. Limited Information:
• Consumer exploitation often occurs due to inadequate information available to consumers regarding product quality, prices, and alternatives.
2. Supply Constraints:
• Limited supplies of goods and services can lead to monopolistic practices, exacerbating consumer exploitation.
3. Market Dynamics:
• Lack of competition in certain markets, coupled with low literacy rates among consumers, contributes to their vulnerability to exploitation.

E. Consumer Responsibilities:

1. Quality Assurance:
• Consumers are encouraged to purchase products with quality certifications such as ISI and AGMARK, ensuring adherence to safety and quality standards.
2. Document Verification:
• Requesting cash memos for purchases and lodging genuine grievances are responsibilities consumers must fulfill to safeguard their rights.

F. Challenges in Consumer Redressal:

• Consumer redressal processes are often complex, expensive, and time-consuming, requiring legal assistance and extensive court proceedings.
1. Legal Complexity:
2. Lack of Documentation:
3. Weak Enforcement:
• Absence of cash memos and evidence in small retail transactions poses challenges in proving consumer grievances.
• Inadequate enforcement of laws, especially in unorganized sectors, undermines consumer protection efforts, allowing malpractices to persist.

G. Consumer Protection Act - 1986 (COPRA):

1. Legislative Framework:
• The Consumer Protection Act of 1986 aims to safeguard and promote consumer interests, establishing a three-tier quasi-judicial mechanism for resolving consumer disputes.
2. Judicial Hierarchy:
• Consumer disputes are adjudicated at district, state, and national levels based on the claim amount, providing consumers with avenues for redressal and representation in consumer courts.

H. National Consumers' Day:

1. Observance Significance:
• India commemorates December 24 as National Consumers' Day, marking the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act in 1986 and recognizing the importance of consumer rights.
2. Role of Consumer Groups:
• Over 700 consumer groups operate in India, albeit only a few are widely recognized, highlighting the ongoing efforts towards consumer advocacy and protection.