Class 10 Economics
Chapter 1- Development
Notes
1. Introduction to
Development
Development encompasses the
positive changes, improvements, or advancements in people's lives or
well-being, which can manifest in economic, social, or political dimensions. It
encompasses economic, social, political, cultural, and environmental aspects,
thereby significantly and positively impacting individuals' lives. Development
fosters personal growth and societal contributions.
2. What Development Promises
– Diverse Goals for Different Individuals
Development holds various
promises for different individuals, ranging from increased income to improved
health, education, equality, freedom, and environmental sustainability.
Consequently, development embodies multifaceted aspects that vary from person
to person. People pursue what they deem most crucial to their well-being. For
instance, a girl may perceive development as having the freedom and autonomy to
make choices similar to her brother's. However, perceptions of development can
differ, sometimes leading to contrasting ideas. Different individuals may have
divergent developmental goals, where progress for one may not necessarily
benefit another and could even be detrimental.
3. Income And Other
Aspirations
While income is often linked
to development, other aspirations such as security, equitable treatment, and
freedom also hold significance. In certain contexts, these aspirations outweigh
the importance of income and material possessions. People typically aim for a
blend of objectives in their pursuit of development. For instance, an inclusive
and secure work environment can facilitate greater female workforce
participation.
4. National Development
National development
pertains to the enhancement of a country's economic, social, and political
conditions over time. It involves the comparison of nations or regions using
various indicators like Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Human Development
Index (HDI), which offer a holistic view of development encompassing income,
education, health, and living standards.
5. Comparing Different
Countries or Regions
When comparing countries,
income serves as a crucial parameter, with higher-income nations generally considered
more developed. However, to assess the average individual's earning capacity
accurately, average income or per capita income is analyzed. This metric
divides the total national income by the population count, providing insight
into individual economic well-being.
6. Categorization in World
Development Reports
World Development Reports,
issued by the World Bank, categorize countries based on per capita income.
Nations with annual per capita income exceeding US$ 49,300 are termed
high-income or affluent countries, while those with per capita income below US$
2,500 are classified as low-income countries. India, with a per capita income
of US$ 6,700 in 2019, falls into the category of low-middle-income countries,
while developed countries typically denote affluent nations, excluding certain
small states and those in the Middle East.
7. Income and Additional
Criteria
Beyond average income, other
factors like public facilities play a pivotal role in assessing a country's
development. Parameters such as Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Literacy Rate, and
Net Attendance Ratio in educational institutions offer insights into a nation's
overall development.
8. Public Facilities
Public facilities, including
healthcare, education, transportation, and communication, are fundamental to
development as they ensure equitable access to essential services for all
individuals regardless of their backgrounds. Government initiatives and
investments in public welfare schemes and infrastructure contribute to
comprehensive development and societal progress, fostering inclusivity and
equal resource access.
10. Sustainability of
Development
Sustainable development
entails meeting present needs without compromising future generations' access
to resources. It requires a harmonious balance between economic growth, social
well-being, and environmental conservation. Striving for economic progress
should not entail environmental degradation, which can adversely affect
people's health, livelihoods, and future prospects. Scientists warn against
unsustainable practices such as overexploitation of groundwater and depletion
of natural resources, emphasizing the importance of adopting sustainable
development practices.
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