Class 10 Geography Chapter 6- Manufacturing Industries Notes

 

Class 10 Geography

Chapter 6- Manufacturing Industries

Notes

1. Significance of Manufacturing: The manufacturing sector holds considerable importance in a nation's development, especially in terms of economic progress, as it facilitates:

a)     Advancement in agricultural practices, offering employment opportunities in secondary and tertiary sectors to rural populations.

b)    Mitigation of poverty, unemployment, and regional disparities.

c)     Expansion of trade and commerce through the export of manufactured goods, thereby attracting foreign exchange.

d)    Rapid conversion of raw materials into high-quality finished products.

2. Agriculture and industry are interdependent; while agro-based industries rely on agriculture for raw materials, they also contribute to enhancing agricultural productivity and efficiency.

3. Economic Contribution: India's manufacturing sector currently contributes 16-17% to its GDP, a figure significantly lower than the 25-35% seen in some East Asian countries. In 2004, the National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) was established to foster policy discussions aimed at strengthening India's manufacturing sector.

4. Industrial Localization:  Various factors, including government policies and the availability of raw materials, labor, capital, power, and markets at competitive costs, influence the selection of suitable industrial locations. Industrialization and urbanization often coalesce, as industries require services provided by urban areas. This clustering of industries and populations creates agglomeration economies, offering mutual benefits.

5.Industry Classification: Industries can be classified based on several criteria:

a)     Source of raw materials: Agro-based and mineral-based industries.

b)    Main role: Basic or key industries, and consumer industries.

c)     Capital investment: Micro-enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and large enterprises.

d)    Ownership: Public sector, private sector, joint sector, and cooperative sector.

e)     Weight of raw material and finished goods: Heavy, medium, and light industries.

6. Agro-based industries: utilize agricultural raw materials to manufacture finished goods.

a)     Textile Industry: During the two world wars, the demand for cloth in the U.K. propelled the cotton textile industry in British colonized India. The establishment of the Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company in 1854 marked India’s first successful textile mill. The textile sector is the second-largest employment generator in India, providing substantial employment to both skilled and unskilled laborers. Globally, India leads in cotton and jute production, ranks second in fiber and silk production, and is the second-largest exporter of textiles and clothing.

b)    Cotton Textile Industry: Traditional Indian cotton textiles, employing hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques, faced challenges with the introduction of power-looms in the 18th century. Initially localized in Maharashtra and Gujarat, the cotton textile industry was closely linked to agriculture. Presently, spinning remains centralized in Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu, with India's spinning production meeting world-class standards.

c)     The weaving sector has become decentralized to incorporate traditional skills and designs, utilizing handlooms, powerlooms, and mills. While the cottage industry offers significant employment to weavers for handspun, handwoven khadi, challenges such as irregular power supply, outdated machinery, low labor output, and competition from synthetic fibers persist. Consequently, spinners export cotton yarn, while garment manufacturers import fabric.

d)    Jute Textiles: India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods, and the second-largest exporter after Bangladesh. Most jute mills are located in West Bengal along the Hugli river bank due to favorable factors like proximity to jute-producing areas, economical water transport, and a well-established network of railways, roadways, and waterways. Despite facing stiff competition from synthetic substitutes globally, the Indian jute industry benefits from rising domestic demand due to government policies promoting mandatory jute packaging and the increasing global preference for eco-friendly materials.

e)     Sugar Industry: India is the second-largest producer of sugar and the leading producer of jaggery (gur) and khandsari. While Uttar Pradesh and Bihar account for 60% of the country's sugar mills, recent trends show a shift towards southern and western states due to factors like higher sucrose content in sugarcane, cooler climates, and successful cooperatives. The seasonal nature of the sugar industry makes it more suitable for the cooperative sector, although it faces challenges such as inefficient production processes, transportation delays, and underutilized bagasse.

7. Mineral-based industries:  utilize minerals and metals as raw materials to manufacture finished goods.

·         Iron and Steel Industry: Recent archaeological findings in the Middle Ganges Valley suggest that India was one of the earliest centers for the practical manufacturing of metals. The Iron Pillar of Delhi, erected during the reign of Chandragupta II in the 4th century, stands as the world's first iron pillar.

·         The iron and steel industry, considered a cornerstone of a nation's development, is a heavy industry upon which various other sectors rely for machinery. India ranks as the second-largest producer of crude steel and the largest producer of sponge iron. Steel plants can be categorized as either mini steel plants or integrated steel plants, with medium and small enterprises contributing nearly half of the country's steel production. Most Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) market their steel products through the Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL).

The majority of iron and steel industries are concentrated in the Chota Nagpur plateau due to advantages such as low iron ore costs, availability of high-quality raw materials, inexpensive labor, and the growing potential of the domestic market. However, challenges persist in fully harnessing this potential, including expensive and limited supplies of coking coal, low labor productivity, irregular energy supply, and inadequate infrastructure.

·         Aluminium Smelting: Aluminium smelting ranks as India's second most important metallurgical industry. The country hosts eight aluminium smelting plants situated in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu. Regular power supply and the availability of raw material (bauxite ore) at an economical cost are the primary factors influencing an ideal industrial location for aluminium smelting.

Aluminium is increasingly favored by industries as a substitute for steel, copper, zinc, and lead due to its lightweight nature, corrosion resistance, excellent alloy properties, conductivity, and malleability.

8. Chemical Industries: India's chemical industry ranks as the world's sixth-largest, contributing 7% to the country's GDP. Comprising both small and large-scale manufacturing units, the Indian chemical industry has witnessed rapid growth in both organic and inorganic sectors. The diversified chemical industry is broadly categorized into bulk chemicals, specialty chemicals, agrochemicals, petrochemicals, polymers, and fertilizers.

·         Organic chemical plants are typically located near petrochemical plants or oil refineries, while inorganic chemical plants are widespread due to their reliance on lightweight, easily transportable raw materials. Gujarat hosts over half of the chemical plants in India, followed by Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and Punjab.

·         Fertilizer Industry The Indian fertilizer industry produces three major products: nitrogenous fertilizers (urea), phosphate-based fertilizers, and complex fertilizers. The formation of the Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative Limited (IFFCO) in 1967, spurred by the food crisis of the 1960s and the growing demand for fertilizers, led to the industry's expansion across various Indian states following the Green Revolution. Presently, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Gujarat, Kerala, and Uttar Pradesh collectively contribute to half of the nation's fertilizer production.

·         Cement Industry India holds the position of the world's second-largest cement producer. The inception of the first Indian cement plant in Chennai in 1904 marked the beginning of the industry. The location of cement plants is influenced by factors such as proximity to raw material sources, availability of coal, electricity, and railways. Predominantly, most cement plants are situated in Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Gujarat.

9. Automobile Industry:  India ranks as the world's fifth-largest automobile manufacturer. Chennai, often referred to as the 'Detroit of Asia,' dominates India's automotive exports, accounting for almost 60% of the total. Other significant automobile production centers include Delhi, Lucknow, Jamshedpur, Kolkata, Indore, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Pune, and Jabalpur.

10. Information Technology and Electronics Industry The Indian Information Technology (IT) industry traces its origins back to Mumbai in 1967 with the establishment of Tata Consultancy Services. Presently, India stands as the world's largest IT exporter, contributing 10% to the country's GDP. Bangalore, known as the 'Silicon Valley' and 'electronic capital' of India, along with Hyderabad, home to 'Cyberabad,' serves as significant global IT hubs. Chennai, Pune, Delhi, Ahmedabad, and Kolkata also play pivotal roles in the IT sector. Government initiatives like Make in India, Digital India, Startup India, and Skill India have accelerated growth in the Indian consumer electronics market, which is among the world's largest and fastest-growing.

11. Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation: Industries contribute to four types of pollution: air, water, noise, and land. Industries reliant on natural resources are major contributors to pollution and are expanding rapidly. India is home to 12 out of the 20 cities globally facing severe air pollution issues. Instances like the Bhopal Gas tragedy have left enduring impacts due to toxic gas leaks. Thermal pollution caused by the drainage of hot water from industries and thermal plants into rivers poses significant threats to aquatic life. Polluted rainwater further contaminates soil and groundwater. Industrial discharge of wastewater results in pollution eight times the quantity of freshwater discharged.

12. Control of Environmental Degradation:  Several measures can be taken to mitigate industrial pollution of freshwater, including reusing and recycling water, rainwater harvesting, and hot water treatment before release into rivers. Other strategies involve legal regulations on groundwater extraction, installation of smoke stacks in factories to reduce air particulate emissions, substitution of coal with oil or gas to minimize smoke emissions, and implementation of noise-absorbing materials and machinery redesign to reduce noise pollution.