Class 10 Geography
Chapter 6- Manufacturing
Industries
Notes
1. Significance
of Manufacturing: The manufacturing sector holds considerable
importance in a nation's development, especially in terms of economic progress,
as it facilitates:
a) Advancement
in agricultural practices, offering employment opportunities in secondary and
tertiary sectors to rural populations.
b) Mitigation
of poverty, unemployment, and regional disparities.
c) Expansion
of trade and commerce through the export of manufactured goods, thereby
attracting foreign exchange.
d) Rapid
conversion of raw materials into high-quality finished products.
2. Agriculture
and industry are interdependent; while agro-based
industries rely on agriculture for raw materials, they also contribute to
enhancing agricultural productivity and efficiency.
3. Economic
Contribution: India's manufacturing sector currently
contributes 16-17% to its GDP, a figure significantly lower than the 25-35%
seen in some East Asian countries. In 2004, the National Manufacturing
Competitiveness Council (NMCC) was established to foster policy discussions
aimed at strengthening India's manufacturing sector.
4. Industrial
Localization: Various factors, including government policies
and the availability of raw materials, labor, capital, power, and markets at
competitive costs, influence the selection of suitable industrial locations.
Industrialization and urbanization often coalesce, as industries require
services provided by urban areas. This clustering of industries and populations
creates agglomeration economies, offering mutual benefits.
5.Industry
Classification: Industries can be classified based on
several criteria:
a) Source
of raw materials: Agro-based and mineral-based industries.
b) Main
role: Basic or key industries, and consumer industries.
c) Capital
investment: Micro-enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and
large enterprises.
d) Ownership:
Public sector, private sector, joint sector, and cooperative sector.
e) Weight
of raw material and finished goods: Heavy, medium, and light industries.
6. Agro-based industries: utilize agricultural raw materials to
manufacture finished goods.
a)
Textile Industry: During the two world wars, the demand for cloth in the U.K.
propelled the cotton textile industry in British colonized India. The
establishment of the Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company in 1854 marked India’s
first successful textile mill. The textile sector is the second-largest
employment generator in India, providing substantial employment to both skilled
and unskilled laborers. Globally, India leads in cotton and jute production,
ranks second in fiber and silk production, and is the second-largest exporter
of textiles and clothing.
b)
Cotton Textile Industry: Traditional Indian cotton textiles, employing hand
spinning and handloom weaving techniques, faced challenges with the
introduction of power-looms in the 18th century. Initially localized in
Maharashtra and Gujarat, the cotton textile industry was closely linked to
agriculture. Presently, spinning remains centralized in Maharashtra, Gujarat,
and Tamil Nadu, with India's spinning production meeting world-class standards.
c)
The weaving sector has become decentralized to incorporate traditional skills and
designs, utilizing handlooms, powerlooms, and mills. While the cottage industry
offers significant employment to weavers for handspun, handwoven khadi,
challenges such as irregular power supply, outdated machinery, low labor
output, and competition from synthetic fibers persist. Consequently, spinners
export cotton yarn, while garment manufacturers import fabric.
d)
Jute Textiles: India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods, and
the second-largest exporter after Bangladesh. Most jute mills are located in
West Bengal along the Hugli river bank due to favorable factors like proximity
to jute-producing areas, economical water transport, and a well-established
network of railways, roadways, and waterways. Despite facing stiff competition
from synthetic substitutes globally, the Indian jute industry benefits from
rising domestic demand due to government policies promoting mandatory jute
packaging and the increasing global preference for eco-friendly materials.
e)
Sugar Industry: India is the second-largest producer of sugar and the leading
producer of jaggery (gur) and khandsari. While Uttar Pradesh and Bihar account
for 60% of the country's sugar mills, recent trends show a shift towards
southern and western states due to factors like higher sucrose content in
sugarcane, cooler climates, and successful cooperatives. The seasonal nature of
the sugar industry makes it more suitable for the cooperative sector, although
it faces challenges such as inefficient production processes, transportation
delays, and underutilized bagasse.
7. Mineral-based industries: utilize minerals and metals as raw materials
to manufacture finished goods.
·
Iron and Steel Industry: Recent archaeological findings in the Middle Ganges Valley suggest
that India was one of the earliest centers for the practical manufacturing of
metals. The Iron Pillar of Delhi, erected during the reign of Chandragupta II
in the 4th century, stands as the world's first iron pillar.
·
The iron and steel industry, considered a cornerstone of a nation's
development, is a heavy industry upon which various other sectors rely for
machinery. India ranks as the second-largest producer of crude steel and the
largest producer of sponge iron. Steel plants can be categorized as either mini
steel plants or integrated steel plants, with medium and small enterprises
contributing nearly half of the country's steel production. Most Public Sector
Undertakings (PSUs) market their steel products through the Steel Authority of
India Ltd. (SAIL).
The majority of iron and steel industries are concentrated in
the Chota Nagpur plateau due to advantages such as low iron ore costs,
availability of high-quality raw materials, inexpensive labor, and the growing
potential of the domestic market. However, challenges persist in fully
harnessing this potential, including expensive and limited supplies of coking
coal, low labor productivity, irregular energy supply, and inadequate
infrastructure.
·
Aluminium Smelting: Aluminium smelting ranks as India's second most important
metallurgical industry. The country hosts eight aluminium smelting plants
situated in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu. Regular power supply and the availability of raw
material (bauxite ore) at an economical cost are the primary factors
influencing an ideal industrial location for aluminium smelting.
Aluminium is increasingly favored by industries as a substitute
for steel, copper, zinc, and lead due to its lightweight nature, corrosion
resistance, excellent alloy properties, conductivity, and malleability.
8. Chemical Industries: India's chemical
industry ranks as the world's sixth-largest, contributing 7% to the country's
GDP. Comprising both small and large-scale manufacturing units, the Indian
chemical industry has witnessed rapid growth in both organic and inorganic
sectors. The diversified chemical industry is broadly categorized into bulk
chemicals, specialty chemicals, agrochemicals, petrochemicals, polymers, and
fertilizers.
·
Organic chemical plants are typically located near petrochemical plants or oil
refineries, while inorganic chemical plants are widespread due to their
reliance on lightweight, easily transportable raw materials. Gujarat hosts over
half of the chemical plants in India, followed by Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and Punjab.
·
Fertilizer Industry The Indian fertilizer industry produces three major products:
nitrogenous fertilizers (urea), phosphate-based fertilizers, and complex
fertilizers. The formation of the Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative Limited
(IFFCO) in 1967, spurred by the food crisis of the 1960s and the growing demand
for fertilizers, led to the industry's expansion across various Indian states
following the Green Revolution. Presently, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Gujarat, Kerala,
and Uttar Pradesh collectively contribute to half of the nation's fertilizer
production.
·
Cement Industry India holds the position of the world's second-largest cement
producer. The inception of the first Indian cement plant in Chennai in 1904
marked the beginning of the industry. The location of cement plants is
influenced by factors such as proximity to raw material sources, availability
of coal, electricity, and railways. Predominantly, most cement plants are
situated in Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Gujarat.
9. Automobile Industry: India ranks as the world's fifth-largest
automobile manufacturer. Chennai, often referred to as the 'Detroit of Asia,'
dominates India's automotive exports, accounting for almost 60% of the total.
Other significant automobile production centers include Delhi, Lucknow,
Jamshedpur, Kolkata, Indore, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Pune, and Jabalpur.
10. Information Technology and Electronics
Industry
The Indian Information Technology (IT) industry traces its origins back to
Mumbai in 1967 with the establishment of Tata Consultancy Services. Presently,
India stands as the world's largest IT exporter, contributing 10% to the
country's GDP. Bangalore, known as the 'Silicon Valley' and 'electronic
capital' of India, along with Hyderabad, home to 'Cyberabad,' serves as significant
global IT hubs. Chennai, Pune, Delhi, Ahmedabad, and Kolkata also play pivotal
roles in the IT sector. Government initiatives like Make in India, Digital
India, Startup India, and Skill India have accelerated growth in the Indian
consumer electronics market, which is among the world's largest and
fastest-growing.
11. Industrial Pollution and Environmental
Degradation: Industries contribute to four types of pollution: air, water,
noise, and land. Industries reliant on natural resources are major contributors
to pollution and are expanding rapidly. India is home to 12 out of the 20
cities globally facing severe air pollution issues. Instances like the Bhopal
Gas tragedy have left enduring impacts due to toxic gas leaks. Thermal
pollution caused by the drainage of hot water from industries and thermal
plants into rivers poses significant threats to aquatic life. Polluted
rainwater further contaminates soil and groundwater. Industrial discharge of
wastewater results in pollution eight times the quantity of freshwater
discharged.
12. Control of Environmental Degradation: Several measures can be taken to mitigate
industrial pollution of freshwater, including reusing and recycling water,
rainwater harvesting, and hot water treatment before release into rivers. Other
strategies involve legal regulations on groundwater extraction, installation of
smoke stacks in factories to reduce air particulate emissions, substitution of
coal with oil or gas to minimize smoke emissions, and implementation of
noise-absorbing materials and machinery redesign to reduce noise pollution.
