PREPOSITIONS -A LESSON

 

PREPOSITIONS

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. What is a Preposition?
• Definition
• Examples
3. Types of Prepositions
• Prepositions of Place
• Prepositions of Time
• Prepositions of Direction or Movement
• Prepositions of Agent or Instrument
• Prepositions of Manner or Method
• Prepositions of Cause or Reason
4. Some Confusing Prepositions
• In / On
• At / In
• To / For
• Between / Among
• Beside / Besides
• Above / Over
• During / While
• Among / Between
• Into / In
• Into / Onto
• Since / For
• During / Throughout
• Amid / Among

 What is the definition of preposition?

A preposition is a word that typically comes before a noun or pronoun and expresses a relationship to another word or element in a sentence. Prepositions are used to show various relationships, such as time, place, direction, manner, or possession. Examples of prepositions include "in," "on," "at," "by," "with," "to," "from," "between," "among," and "through."

Examples

1. I will meet you at the park at 3 o'clock.
2. The cat is sleeping on the bed.
3. She walked through the forest to reach the waterfall.
4. We went to the movies with our friends.
5. The keys are under the mat by the door.
6. The plane flew over the mountains during the storm.
7. He put the book on the shelf beside the lamp.
8. They sat around the campfire after dinner.
9. She went into the store after class.
10. The dog ran along the beach towards the sunset.

 What are the types of preposition?

1. Prepositions of Place:
• Definition: Prepositions that indicate the location or position of an object or person.
• Examples:
• The cat is sitting on the windowsill.
• The book is under the table.
• The school is located between the library and the park.
2. Prepositions of Time:
• Definition: Prepositions that show when an action occurs or the time during which something happens.
• Examples:
• The concert will start at 8 PM.
• They went for a walk before dinner.
• She has been working on the project since morning.
3. Prepositions of Direction or Movement:
• Definition: Prepositions that indicate the direction or movement of an action.
• Examples:
• The kids ran towards the playground.
• The river flows through the valley.
• He walked across the bridge.
4. Prepositions of Agent or Instrument:
• Definition: Prepositions that express the means or agent by which an action is performed.
• Examples:
• She painted the picture with a brush.
• The letter was written by the teacher.
• He fixed the computer using a screwdriver.
5. Prepositions of Manner or Method:
• Definition: Prepositions that describe how an action is performed or the manner in which something is done.
• Examples:
• She completed the task with great efficiency.
• They celebrated the victory in a grand manner.
• He sings like a professional.
6. Prepositions of Cause or Reason:
• Definition: Prepositions that indicate the cause or reason for an action.
• Examples:
• The match was postponed due to rain.
• He was absent because of a family emergency.
• She succeeded owing to her dedication.

 Some confusing prepositions:

Understanding and correctly using prepositions in English can be challenging due to their subtle differences in meaning and usage. Prepositions are small words that play a crucial role in expressing relationships between various elements within sentences, such as nouns, pronouns, and phrases. However, some prepositions are commonly confused because they may seem similar or have overlapping meanings.

1.  In / On:

• In typically indicates being inside something or enclosed within limits:
• She is in the house.
• He lives in New York City.
• On generally suggests being in contact with a surface or a position above or attached to:
• The book is on the table.
• The picture is hanging on the wall.
1. At / In:
• At is used for specific points or locations:
• They met at the cafe.
• The train arrives at 7 PM.
• In is used for larger areas or periods of time:
• She is studying in the library.
• He was born in May.
2. To / For:
• To indicates movement towards a place or person:
• She went to the store.
• He gave the book to his friend.
• For indicates purpose or benefit:
• She bought flowers for her mother.
• This gift is for you.
3. Between / Among:
• Between is used for relationships involving two items or people:
• The cat is between the two chairs.
• She had to choose between two options.
• Among is used for relationships involving three or more items or people:
• The prize was divided among the winners.
• He was walking among the crowd.
4. Beside /Besides:
• Beside means next to or at the side of:
• She sat beside her friend.
• The book is beside the bed.
• Besides means in addition to or apart from:
• Besides English, she speaks French.
• What else do you want besides ice cream?
5. Above / Over:
• Above typically refers to a higher position or level:
• The sun is above the clouds.
• The painting is hanging above the fireplace.
• Over suggests movement or covering a surface:
• He threw the ball over the fence.
• The plane flew over the city.
6. During / While:
• During is used to indicate a period of time in which an action takes place:
• It rained heavily during the night.
• She fell asleep during the movie.
• While is used to indicate two actions happening at the same time:
• He read a book while waiting for the train.
• She cooked dinner while listening to music.

 

8. Among / Between:
• Among: Used when referring to more than two items or people in a group.
• She shared the candies among her friends.
• The secret was whispered among the group of friends.
• Between: Used when referring to two distinct items or people.
• The book is between the two shelves.
• They had to choose between two options.
9. Into / In:
• Into: Indicates movement towards the inside or within a specific area.
• She walked into the room.
• The bird flew into the cage.
• In: Indicates location or position within an enclosed space.
• The keys are in the drawer.
• He found a coin in the pocket.
10. Into /Onto:
• Into: Indicates movement towards the inside or within a specific area.
• She jumped into the pool.
• He walked into the building.
• Onto: Indicates movement onto a surface or position.
• She placed the books onto the shelf.
• The cat jumped onto the table.
11. Since / For:
• Since: Indicates a specific point in time from the past until now.
• He has been working here since 2010.
• She has been studying English since she was a child.
• For: Indicates a period of time.
• He has been living here for ten years.
• She waited for two hours.
12. During / Throughout:
• During: Refers to a specific time within a period or event.
• He fell asleep during the movie.
• She laughed during the speech.
• Throughout: Indicates something happening continuously or all the way through a period.
• It rained heavily throughout the night.
• She felt happy throughout the day.
13. Amid /Among:
• Amid: Indicates being surrounded by or in the middle of something.
• They found peace amid the chaos.
• The children played happily amid the flowers.
• Among: Refers to being a part of a group or sharing with others.
• She felt comfortable among her friends.
• He shared the snacks among the guests.

FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)

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Q: What is a preposition?

A: A preposition is a word that typically comes before a noun or pronoun and expresses a relationship to another word or element in a sentence.

Q: Can you provide examples of prepositions?

A: Certainly! Examples include "in," "on," "at," "by," "with," "to," "from," "between," "among," and "through."

Q: What are the different types of prepositions?

 A: Prepositions can be categorized into various types based on their functions, including prepositions of place, time, direction or movement, agent or instrument, manner or method, and cause or reason.

Q: Why are prepositions often confused?

A: Prepositions can be confusing due to their subtle differences in meaning and usage. Some prepositions may seem similar or have overlapping meanings, leading to confusion in their usage.

Q: How can I improve my understanding of prepositions?

A: Practicing with examples, familiarizing yourself with different types of prepositions, and paying attention to their usage in context can help improve your understanding and usage of prepositions in English.

Phrases and its types - Exercise 3

 Before doing this exercise you would like to read Phrases and its type

Q)  Underline the phrases in the following sentences and identify their types?

1. The book on the shelf is a classic of English literature.
2. The tall, dark-haired man walked briskly down the street.
3. In the quiet library, she found solace among the dusty shelves.
4. The old wooden table in the corner of the room creaked loudly.
5. She spoke softly, with a hint of sadness in her voice.
6. The small, cozy cafe on the corner serves delicious pastries.
7. The brightly colored flowers in the garden swayed gently in the breeze.
8. With great determination, he climbed the steep mountain trail.
9. The ancient ruins in the desert are a testament to a bygone era.
10. The beautifully decorated Christmas tree stood proudly in the living room.
11. The young boy with curly hair eagerly awaited his birthday party.
12. The meticulously prepared meal on the table looked absolutely delicious.
13. The brightly lit city streets bustled with activity late into the night.
14. In the dimly lit room, the shadows danced mysteriously on the walls.
15. The large, ornate clock in the hallway chimed loudly every hour.

Answers

 

1. On the shelf → Prepositional phrase (Adverb phrase).
2. Tall, dark-haired → Adjective phrase.
3. In the quiet library → Prepositional phrase (Adjective phrase).
4. In the corner of the room → Prepositional phrase (Adverb phrase).
5. Softly → Adverb phrase.
6. On the corner → Prepositional phrase (Adjective phrase).
7. In the garden → Prepositional phrase (Adjective phrase).
8. With great determination → Prepositional phrase (Adverb phrase).
9. In the desert → Prepositional phrase (Adjective phrase).
10. Beautifully decorated → Adjective phrase.
11. With curly hair → Prepositional phrase (Adjective phrase).
12. On the table → Prepositional phrase (Adjective phrase).
13. Brightly lit → Adjective phrase.
14. In the dimly lit room → Prepositional phrase (Adverb phrase).
15. In the hallway → Prepositional phrase (Adjective phrase).

Class 10 Economics Chapter 5- Consumer Rights Notes

 

Class 10 Economics

Chapter 5- Consumer Rights

Notes

 

Discover the intricacies of consumer rights amidst market complexities, from regulatory safeguards to the evolving consumer movement, highlighting challenges, responsibilities, and the pivotal role of the Consumer Protection Act and National Consumers' Day.

 

A. The Consumer in the Marketplace:

1. Regulatory Safeguards:
• Regulations are essential to safeguard consumer interests within the marketplace, preventing instances of exploitation.
2. Market Exploitation:
• Instances of exploitation are common within markets, particularly when a few powerful producers dominate while consumers have limited purchasing power and are dispersed.
3. Influence of Large Companies:
• Large corporations with substantial wealth and market reach often manipulate markets through misinformation spread via media and other channels, affecting consumer decision-making.

B. Consumer Movement:

1. Origin of Consumer Movement:
• In India, the consumer movement emerged as a social force in response to the need for protecting consumers against unfair trade practices, especially during the rampant food shortages and adulteration prevalent in the 1960s.
2. Evolution of Consumer Groups:
• Initially focused on writing articles and organizing exhibitions, consumer organizations later expanded their scope to address malpractices in ration shops and public transportation overcrowding.
3. Growing Awareness:
• Recent years have witnessed a surge in the number of consumer groups in India, reflecting increased awareness and activism regarding consumer rights.

C. Rights of Consumers:

1. Legal Entitlements:
• Consumers are entitled to certain rights enshrined in law, including the right to safety, information, choice, redressal, and representation in consumer courts.
2. Importance of Consumer Courts:
• Consumer forums and protection councils play a crucial role in guiding consumers on filing complaints and representing their interests in consumer courts, supported by government funding for awareness campaigns.

D. Factors Contributing to Consumer Exploitation:

1. Limited Information:
• Consumer exploitation often occurs due to inadequate information available to consumers regarding product quality, prices, and alternatives.
2. Supply Constraints:
• Limited supplies of goods and services can lead to monopolistic practices, exacerbating consumer exploitation.
3. Market Dynamics:
• Lack of competition in certain markets, coupled with low literacy rates among consumers, contributes to their vulnerability to exploitation.

E. Consumer Responsibilities:

1. Quality Assurance:
• Consumers are encouraged to purchase products with quality certifications such as ISI and AGMARK, ensuring adherence to safety and quality standards.
2. Document Verification:
• Requesting cash memos for purchases and lodging genuine grievances are responsibilities consumers must fulfill to safeguard their rights.

F. Challenges in Consumer Redressal:

• Consumer redressal processes are often complex, expensive, and time-consuming, requiring legal assistance and extensive court proceedings.
1. Legal Complexity:
2. Lack of Documentation:
3. Weak Enforcement:
• Absence of cash memos and evidence in small retail transactions poses challenges in proving consumer grievances.
• Inadequate enforcement of laws, especially in unorganized sectors, undermines consumer protection efforts, allowing malpractices to persist.

G. Consumer Protection Act - 1986 (COPRA):

1. Legislative Framework:
• The Consumer Protection Act of 1986 aims to safeguard and promote consumer interests, establishing a three-tier quasi-judicial mechanism for resolving consumer disputes.
2. Judicial Hierarchy:
• Consumer disputes are adjudicated at district, state, and national levels based on the claim amount, providing consumers with avenues for redressal and representation in consumer courts.

H. National Consumers' Day:

1. Observance Significance:
• India commemorates December 24 as National Consumers' Day, marking the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act in 1986 and recognizing the importance of consumer rights.
2. Role of Consumer Groups:
• Over 700 consumer groups operate in India, albeit only a few are widely recognized, highlighting the ongoing efforts towards consumer advocacy and protection.

Class 10 Economics Chapter 4- Globalisation and the Indian Economy Notes

 

Class 10 Economics

Chapter 4- Globalisation and the Indian Economy

Notes

 

1. PRODUCTION ACROSS NATIONS:

a)    Traditional Production Framework:

·         Until the mid-20th century, nations predominantly organized production activities within their borders, with limited cross-border trade.

b)   Colonial Trade Dynamics:

·         Colonial economies, such as India, primarily functioned as suppliers of raw materials and agricultural products to colonial powers, while importing manufactured goods.

c)    Emergence of Multinational Corporations (MNCs):

·         The advent of MNCs marked a significant shift in global trade dynamics, with these corporations owning or controlling production facilities in multiple countries.

d)   MNC Operations:

·         MNCs strategically establish production facilities in regions offering cost advantages, including access to skilled and inexpensive labor, favorable regulatory environments, and abundant resources.

e)    Complex Production Networks:

·         Modern production processes involve intricate global supply chains, where different stages of manufacturing occur across multiple countries, reflecting a highly interconnected global economy.

2. INTERCONNECTING GLOBAL PRODUCTION:

a)    MNC Location Strategies:

·         MNCs strategically select production locations based on proximity to target markets, availability of skilled and unskilled labor, infrastructure, and government policies conducive to business operations.

b)   Foreign Investment:

·         Foreign investment by MNCs encompasses the purchase of land, buildings, machinery, and other assets in host countries to establish or expand production operations.

c)    Joint Production Benefits:

·         Collaborative production ventures with MNCs provide local firms access to financial resources for expansion, advanced technology, managerial expertise, and potential access to global markets.

d)   MNC Investment Routes:

·         MNCs may opt to expand their production capacities by acquiring existing local companies, thereby gaining access to established market networks and operational infrastructure.

e)    Economic Influence:

·         Leading MNCs wield considerable economic influence, often surpassing the fiscal capacities of some developing countries, influencing trade policies and shaping global production networks.

f)     Global Production Expansion:

·         MNCs employ various strategies, including outsourcing, offshoring, and establishing subsidiaries, to expand production globally and leverage cost advantages and market opportunities.

g)   Impact on Local Producers:

·         The presence of MNCs significantly impacts local producers, influencing competition, technological advancements, employment patterns, and overall economic development in host countries.

3. FOREIGN TRADE AND MARKET INTEGRATION:

a)    Market Expansion:

·         Foreign trade allows producers to tap into international markets, expanding their customer base beyond domestic boundaries and facilitating economic growth.

b)   Diverse Consumer Choices:

·         Importing goods from foreign markets broadens consumer choices, introducing new products, brands, and varieties that may not be domestically available.

c)    Market Connectivity:

·         Foreign trade fosters the integration of markets across different countries, creating interconnected networks that facilitate the flow of goods, services, and capital.

4. UNDERSTANDING GLOBALIZATION:

a)    MNC Dominance:

·         MNCs play a central role in driving globalization, influencing trade, investment, technological transfer, and shaping global economic integration.

b)   Integration Process:

·         Globalization encompasses the rapid integration and interconnection of countries through various economic activities, including trade, investment, finance, and technology transfer.

5. DRIVING FORCES BEHIND GLOBALIZATION:

a)    Technological Advancements:

·         Technological progress, particularly in transportation, communication, and information technology, has significantly accelerated the process of globalization, facilitating faster and more efficient global connectivity.

6. LIBERALIZATION OF FOREIGN TRADE AND INVESTMENT POLICY:

a)    Trade Barriers:

·         Governments regulate foreign trade through tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers, influencing the flow of goods and services across borders.

b)   Foreign Investment:

·         Governments adopt policies to attract foreign investment, removing barriers to foreign ownership, and creating favorable conditions for multinational corporations to establish operations within their jurisdictions.

7. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION:

a)    WTO Objectives:

·         The World Trade Organization (WTO) aims to promote liberalization and facilitate international trade by negotiating and implementing trade agreements, resolving disputes, and ensuring transparency in trade policies.

8. IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION IN INDIA:

a)    Economic Transformation:

·         Globalization has led to significant economic transformation in India, with increased trade, foreign investment, technological transfer, and integration into the global economy.

9. STRIVING FOR FAIR GLOBALIZATION:

a)    Inclusive Growth:

·         Advocates of fair globalization emphasize the importance of inclusive growth, ensuring equitable distribution of benefits and opportunities across all segments of society, particularly marginalized communities.

b)   Government Role:

·         Governments play a crucial role in promoting fair globalization by implementing policies that protect the interests of all citizens, including measures to support small producers, regulate markets, and ensure social welfare.

c)    Public Influence:

·         Public activism and advocacy efforts play a significant role in shaping policies and decisions related to trade, investment, and globalization, highlighting the importance of public engagement in promoting fair and equitable economic practices.